A vendor's lien is primarily associated with which of the following?

A vendor's lien is primarily related to purchase money mortgages, which are loans taken out to fund the purchase of real estate. When a buyer purchases property and finances that purchase through a seller, the seller can retain a lien on the property until the purchase price is fully paid. This arrangement serves to protect the seller's financial interest in the property; if the buyer defaults on the payment, the seller can initiate a foreclosure process to reclaim the property.

This concept is fundamental in real estate transactions and underscores the seller's right to ensure they receive payment for the property they sold. In contrast, the other options like real property tax assessments, income tax debts, and judicial actions relate to different forms of liens or legal claims that do not specifically involve the direct financing of a property sale from a vendor to a buyer.